Unit 9 Physical Chemistry Assignment Answers UK – BTEC HND Level 4

Unit 9 Physical Chemistry is all about understanding the behavior of molecules and atoms. In this unit, you will learn how to apply the principles of quantum mechanics to understand the behavior of matter on a nano-scale. You will also develop an understanding of the thermodynamic properties of gases, liquids, and solids. This unit will provide you with the skills and knowledge necessary to understand and solve problems in physical chemistry.

Assignment Task 1: Apply The First, Second, And Third Laws Of Thermodynamics To Predict The Feasibility Of Reactions.

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. So, in order to predict the feasibility of a chocolate factory, we first need to determine how much energy would be required to create the chocolate and how much energy would be released as waste products.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that in any closed system, the amount of entropy (a measure of disorder) will always increase over time. This means that it would be very difficult to create a chocolate factory that operates at a net positive energy balance, as the increased entropy would outweigh any gain in useful energy.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics states that as a system approaches absolute zero, the entropy of the system approaches a constant. This means that it is theoretically possible to create a chocolate factory that operates at a net positive energy balance, but only if the temperature of the system can be kept close to absolute zero.

Based on these three laws, it is theoretically possible to predict the feasibility of perpetual motion machines – machines that would produce more energy than they consume and would thus be capable of running forever. However, these predictions are impossible to test in practice because absolute zero cannot be reached in reality. As a result, while the existence of perpetual motion machines remains unproven, it’s still an open question as to whether or not they’re actually possible.

Assignment Task 2: Apply Rate Equations To Determine The Order Of A Reaction.

In order to apply rate equations to determine the order of a reaction, it is first necessary to understand what these equations represent. Rate equations express the correlation between the rate of a reaction and the concentrations of its reactants. The most common form of a rate equation is known as the general rate equation, which has the following form: 

rate = k[A]^a[B]^b

In this equation, “k” is the rate constant – a proportionality constant that is specific to a given reaction and remains constant over time; “a” and “b” are the respective activists for substances A and B, which represent how each substance affects the speed of the reaction; and”[A]” and “[B]” represent the concentrations of substances A and B.

The value of “a” can be determined by looking at the reaction’s rate equation and comparing it to the following two equations: 

rate1 = k1([A] + x)^a([B] – x)^b

rate2 = k2([A] – x)^a([B] + x)^b

If the two rates are equal (i.e. rate1 = rate2), then it can be seen that “a” must equal 1. If the two rates are not equal, then “a” will have a value that is either greater than or less than 1.

The value of “b” can be determined in a similar manner, by comparing the reaction’s rate equation to the following two equations: 

rate1 = k1([A] – x)^a([B] + x)^b

rate2 = k2([A] + x)^a([B] – x)^b

If the two rates are equal (i.e. rate1 = rate2), then it can be seen that “b” must equal 1. If the two rates are not equal, then “b” will have a value that is either greater than or less than 1.

Assignment Task 3: Apply The Principles Of Oxidation And Reduction To Electrochemical Systems.

Oxidation and reduction are two ways of describing the same process – the transfer of electrons between atoms. In electrochemical systems, oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons.

Oxidation occurs at the anode (the negative electrode) and reduction occurs at the cathode (the positive electrode). In a simplified battery system, for example, oxidation would take place at the anode as zinc atoms lose their electrons to create Zn2+ ions, while reduction would occur at the cathode as copper atoms gain electrons to create Cu2+ ions.

The overall effect of these two processes is the transfer of charge from the anode to the cathode, which is what allows a battery to generate an electric current.

The oxidation and reduction potentials of a given electrode can be measured using a voltmeter, and these values can be used to predict the direction in which electron flow will occur in a given system. In general, oxidation will occur at the electrode with the lower potential and reduction will occur at the electrode with the higher potential.

Assignment Task 4: Undertake Experimental Investigations Relating To Physical Chemistry.

There are a number of experimental investigations that can be conducted in the field of physical chemistry. One area of focus could be on the thermodynamics and kinetics of chemical reactions. Additionally, the structure and properties of matter may be explored through spectroscopy and chromatography techniques. Furthermore, phase equilibria and colloidal systems could also be examined in greater detail. Ultimately, any physical chemist would benefit from conducting a variety of experimental investigations in order to deepen their understanding of the subject matter.

When it comes to thermodynamics and kinetics, one could look at the effect of temperature on reaction rate. This could involve using a calorimeter to measure the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction. Additionally, the activation energy of a reaction could be determined through kinetic studies. In terms of structure and properties, NMR spectroscopy could be used to investigate the molecular structure of a given substance.

X-ray diffraction could also be employed in order to determine the crystal structure of a material. When it comes to phase equilibria, one could use a gas chromatograph to study the partitioning of compounds between two phases. Finally, colloidal systems may be investigated through light scattering techniques.

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